Table of Contents - PFAS Management of Municipal Biosolids: A Shifting Regulatory Landscape
Section 1 – PFAS and the Biosolids Challenge
- PFAS Is Reshaping Biosolids Management, Not Replacing Land Application
- Mapping the PFAS Contamination Cycle
- Market Drivers: Forces Reshaping Biosolids Management
Section 2 – Regulatory Landscape
- Federal Inaction Pushes PFAS Biosolids Regulation to the States
- PFAS Oversight Expands Without Common Regulatory Standards
- State PFAS Pathways Reshape Biosolids Costs and Market Opportunities
- Tiered PFAS Models Converge on Initial Thresholds, Diverge on Restrictions
- Multiple States Show Signals of Incoming Regulation
Section 3 – Land Application Alternatives & Outlook
- Incineration Cannot Absorb a Broad Shift Away from Land Application
- Landfills Are the Backup, but at a Higher Cost
- PFAS Destruction Technologies Remain Costly and Unproven at Scale
- Utilities Hedge Against Future Disposal Costs with Water Removal
- New Regulations Will Create Diverging Paths for Future Biosolids Market Growth
Section 4 – Appendix
- Advanced PFAS-Related State Biosolids Rulemaking in 2026
- Failed PFAS-Related State Biosolids Rulemaking in 2026
- Emerging Michigan Model States
- Established Michigan Model States
- Established Basic Monitoring States